ISSN: 1134-8046
e-ISSN: 2254-6189

Indexada en:

Busqueda avanzada

Año 2022 / Volumen 29 / Número 1

Abstract PDF HTML

Revisión

Actualizaciones en el abordaje terapéutico en el síndrome de dolor regional complejo
Complex regional pain syndrome, rehabilitation, pharmacotherapy, psychology.

Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor. 2022; 29(1): 34-50 / DOI: 10.20986/resed.2022.3978/2022

María Teresa Bovaira, Carles García, Ana Amparo Calvo, Javier Desé, Guillem Tortosa, Victor Bayarri, Olga Alcaina, Alejandro Ortega, David Abejón

RESUMEN

Introducción: El síndrome de dolor regional complejo abarca una sintomatología que puede ser autolimitada o terriblemente limitante. Pese al enorme interés que despierta en la comunidad científica, no tenemos claro qué determina su evolución. Actualmente, parece claro que hay que ajustar el tratamiento en base a los mecanismos fisiopatológicos predominantes en cada paciente en función de su estadio evolutivo.
Fisiopatología: Se produce a causa de una compleja combinación de diferentes factores que se inician en el momento del traumatismo y que consisten en sensibilización del sistema nervioso, disfunción del sistema autónomo y cambios inflamatorios. Hay, además, un indudable componente inmunológico, con presencia de autoinmunización, una implicación genética y la constatación de que determinados estados psicológicos parecen influir en la progresión de la enfermedad.
Prevención: Se recomienda la administración de la vitamina C tras traumatismos o cirugías sobre miembros, sobre todo cuando existen factores de riesgo (fracturas distales de radio). Asimismo, hay que incentivar la movilización precoz y tratar los altos niveles de ansiedad para prevenir su desarrollo.
Tratamiento: El tratamiento debe ser precoz, multimodal y coordinado, con el objetivo fundamental no solo de aliviar el dolor, sino de recuperar funcionalmente el miembro afecto. La pieza angular del tratamiento es la rehabilitación. Se debe acompañar de farmacoterapia y autoinmunide tratamiento psicológico. Dentro de la farmacoterapia, tienen especial relevancia los corticoides (en las fases más agudas), los bifosfonatos y los “free-radical scavengers”. En fases avanzadas de la enfermedad, la ketamina intravenosa se plantea como una opción terapéutica. Los tratamientos intervencionistas deben considerarse cuando la evolución del síndrome no es óptima, sobre todo los bloqueos simpáticos, en caso de predominio de disfunción simpática, o la neuromodulación, que es la modalidad de tratamiento que mayor evidencia científica presenta.
Conclusiones: En el abordaje de esta compleja patología en la que intervienen múltiples mecanismos que debemos tratar simultáneamente, es necesaria la coordinación entre servicios para su mayor rendimiento, fundamentalmente rehabilitación, unidad del dolor y psicología.

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome encompasses a symptomatology that can be self-limiting or terribly limiting. Despite the enormous interest it arouses in the scientific community, it is not clear what determines its evolution. Currently, it seems clear that treatment must be adjusted based on the predominant pathophysiological mechanisms in each patient according to its evolutionary stage.
Physiopathology: It is caused by a complex combination of different factors that start at the time of the trauma and consist of sensitization of the nervous system, dysfunction of the autonomic system and inflammatory changes. There is also an undoubted immunological component, with the presence of autoimmunization, genetic involvement and the finding that certain psychological states seem to influence the progression of the disease.
Prevention: The administration of vitamin C is recommended after trauma or surgery on limbs, especially when there are risk factors (distal radius fractures). Also, early mobilization should be encouraged and high levels of anxiety should be treated to prevent its development.
Treatment: Treatment should be early, multimodal and coordinated, with the fundamental objective not only of relieving pain, but also of functionally recovering the affected limb. The cornerstone of treatment is rehabilitation. It should be accompanied by pharmacotherapy and psychological treatment. Within the pharmacotherapy, corticoids (in the most acute phases), bisphosphonates and free-radical scavengers are of special relevance. In advanced stages of the disease, intravenous ketamine is considered as a therapeutic option. Interventional treatments should be considered when the evolution of the syndrome is not optimal, especially sympathetic blocks, in case of predominant sympathetic dysfunction, or neuromodulation, which is the treatment modality with the most scientific evidence.
Conclusions: In the approach to this complex pathology in which multiple mechanisms are involved that we must treat simultaneously, coordination between services is necessary for its greater performance, fundamentally rehabilitation, pain unity and psychology.

Artículo Completo

Nuevo comentario

Código de seguridad:

Comentarios

No hay comentarios para este artículo.

Bibliografía

1. Barkley F, Dimova V. Complex regional pain syndrome–up-to-date. Pain Rep. 2017;5;2(6):e624.

DOI: 10.1097/PR9.0000000000000624

2. Shim H, Rose J, Halle S, Shekane P. Complex regional pain syndrome: a narrative review for the practising clinician. British J Anaesth 2019;123(2):e424-e433.

DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.03.030

3. Harden RN, Bruehl S, Perez RSGM, Birklein F, Marinus J, Maihofner C, et al. Validation of proposed diagnostic criteria (the “budapest Criteria”) for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Pain. 2010;150(2):268-74.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.04.030

4. de Mos M, de Bruijn AGJ, Huygen FJPM, Dieleman JP, Stricker BHC, Sturkenboom MCJM. The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome: A population-based study. Pain. 2007;128(1-2):12-20.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.008

5. Schwartzman RJ, Alexander GM, Grothusen J. Pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome. Expert Rev Neuroth. 2006;6(5):669-81.

DOI: 10.1586/14737175.6.5.669

6. Birklein F, Ajit SK, Goebel A, Perez RSGM, Sommer C. Complex regional pain syndrome-phenotypic characteristics and potential biomarkers. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(5):272-84.

DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2018.20

7. Blaes F, Schmitz K, Tschernatsch M, Kaps M, Krasenbrink I, Hempelmann G, et al. Autoimmune etiology of complex regional pain syndrome (M. Sudeck). Neurology. 2004;63(9):1734-6.

DOI: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000143066.58498.BA

8. Di Pietro F, McAuley JH, Parkitny L, Lotze M, Wand BM, Moseley GL, et al. Primary somatosensory cortex function in complex regional pain syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pain. 2013;14(10):1001-18.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.04.001

9. de Rooij AM, de Mos M, Sturkenboom MCJM, Marinus J, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, van Hilten JJ. Familial occurrence of complex regional pain syndrome. Eur J Pain. 2009;13(2):171-7.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.04.004

10. Speck V, Schlereth T, Birklein F, Maihöfner C. Increased prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in CRPS. Eur J Pain. 2017;21(3):466-73.

DOI: 10.1002/ejp.940

11. Giustra F, Bosco F, Aprato A, Artiaco S, Bistolfi A, Masse A. Vitamin C Could Prevent Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I in Trauma and Orthopedic Care? A Systematic Review of the Literature and Current Findings. Sisli Etfal Hastan Tip Bul. 2021;55(2):139-45.

DOI: 10.14744/SEMB.2021.82335

12. Evaniew N, McCarthy C, Kleinlugtenbelt Y V, Ghert M, Bhandari M. Vitamin C to Prevent Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in Patients With Distal Radius Fractures: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Orthop Trauma. 2015;29(8):e235-41.

DOI: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000000305

13. Aïm F, Klouche S, Frison A, Bauer T, Hardy P. Efficacy of vitamin C in preventing complex regional pain syndrome after wrist fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2017;103(3):465-70.

DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2016.12.021

14. Pons T, Shipton EA, Williman J, Mulder RT. Potential risk factors for the onset of complex regional pain syndrome type 1: a systematic literature review. Anesthesiol Res Pract. 2015;2015:956539.

DOI: 10.1155/2015/956539

15. Taylor SS, Noor N, Urits I, Paladini A, Sadhu MS, Gibb C, et al. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Pain Ther. 2021;10(2):875-92.

DOI: 10.1007/s40122-021-00279-4

16. Metsios GS, Moe RH, Kitas GD. Exercise and inflammation. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2020;34(2):101504.

DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2020.101504

17. Henderson J. Updated guidelines on complex regional pain syndrome in adults. J Plastic Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2019;72(1):1-3.

DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2018.08.017

18. Rho RH, Brewer RP, Lamer TJ, Wilson PR. Complex regional pain syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77(2):174-80.

DOI: 10.1016/S0025-6196(11)62332-X

19. Harden RN, Maihofner C, Abousaad E, Vatine JJ, Kirsling A, Perez RSGM, et al. A prospective, multisite, international validation of the Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Severity Score. Pain. 2017;158(8):1430-6.

DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000927

20. Stanton-Hicks MD, Burton AW, Bruehl SP, Carr DB, Harden RN, Hassenbusch SJ, et al. An updated interdisciplinary clinical pathway for CRPS: report of an expert panel. Pain Pract. 2002;2(1):1-16.

DOI: 10.1046/j.1533-2500.2002.02009.x

21. Pleger B, Tegenthoff M, Ragert P, Förster AF, Dinse HR, Schwenkreis P, et al. Sensorimotor retuning [corrected] in complex regional pain syndrome parallels pain reduction. Ann Neurol. 2005;57(3):425-9.

DOI: 10.1002/ana.20394

22. Birklein F, O’Neill D, Schlereth T. Complex regional pain syndrome : An optimistic perspective. Neurology. 2015;84(1):89-96.

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001095

23. Flor H, Fydrich T, Turk DC. Efficacy of multidisciplinary pain treatment centers: a meta-analytic review. Pain. 1992; 49(2):221-30.

DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90145-2

24. Perez RS, Kwakkel G, Zuurmond WW, de Lange JJ. Treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS type 1): a research synthesis of 21 randomized clinical trials. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2001;21(6):511-26.

DOI: 10.1016/S0885-3924(01)00282-2

25. Harden RN, Oaklander AL, Burton AW, Perez RSGM, Richardson K, Swan M, et al. Complex regional pain syndrome: Practical diagnostic and treatment guidelines, 4th edition. Pain Medicine. 2013;14(2):180-229.

DOI: 10.1111/pme.12033

26. Barnhoorn KJ, van de Meent H, van Dongen RTM, Klomp FP, Groenewoud H, Samwel H, et al. Pain exposure physical therapy (PEPT) compared to conventional treatment in complex regional pain syndrome type 1: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2015;5(12):e008283.

DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008283

27. de Jong JR, Vlaeyen JWS, de Gelder JM, Patijn J. Pain-related fear, perceived harmfulness of activities, and functional limitations in complex regional pain syndrome type I. J Pain. 2011;12(12):1209-18.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2011.06.010

28. Bruehl S, Harden RN, Galer BS, Saltz S, Backonja M, Stanton-Hicks M. Complex regional pain syndrome: are there distinct subtypes and sequential stages of the syndrome? Pain. 2002;95(1-2):119-24.

DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00387-6

29. Severens JL, Oerlemans HM, Weegels AJ, van ’t Hof MA, Oostendorp RA, Goris RJ. Cost-effectiveness analysis of adjuvant physical or occupational therapy for patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(9):1038-43.

DOI: 10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90057-6

30. Moseley GL. Graded motor imagery for pathologic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2006;67(12):2129-34.

DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000249112.56935.32

31. Gierthmühlen J, Binder A, Baron R. Mechanism-based treatment in complex regional pain syndromes. Nature reviews Neurology. 2014;10(9):518-28.

DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.140

32. Jamroz A, Berger M, Winston P. Prednisone for Acute Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Pain Res Manag. 2020;2020:8182569.

DOI: 10.1155/2020/8182569

33. Bianchi C, Rossi S, Turi S, Brambilla A, Felisari G, Mascheri D. Long-term functional outcome measures in corticosteroid-treated complex regional pain syndrome. Eura Medicophys. 2006;42(2):103-11.

34. Breuer AJ, Mainka T, Hansel N, Maier C, Krumova EK. Short-term treatment with parecoxib for complex regional pain syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Pain Phys. 2014;17(2):127-37.

35. Eckmann MS, Ramamurthy S, Griffin JG. Intravenous regional ketorolac and lidocaine in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome of the lower extremity: a randomized, double-blinded, crossover study. Clin J Pain. 2011;27(3):203-6.

DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181fd5150

36. Perez RS, Zollinger PE, Dijkstra PU, Thomassen-Hilgersom IL, Zuurmond WW, Rosenbrand KC, et al. Evidence based guidelines for complex regional pain syndrome type 1. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:20.

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-10-20

37. Żyluk A, Puchalski P. Effectiveness of complex regional pain syndrome treatment: A systematic review. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2018;52(3):326-33.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2018.03.001

38. Perez MRSG, Zuurmond AWW, Bezemer DP, Kuik JD, van Loenen CA, de Lange JJ, et al. The treatment of complex regional pain syndrome type I with free radical scavengers: a randomized controlled study. Pain. 2003;102(3):297-307.

DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00414-1

39. Varenna M, Crotti C. Bisphosphonates in the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: is bone the main player at early stage of the disease? Rheumatol Int. 2018;38(11):1959-62.

DOI: 10.1007/s00296-018-4101-6

40. Chevreau M, Romand X, Gaudin P, Juvin R, Baillet A. Bisphosphonates for treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type 1: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials versus placebo. Joint Bone Spine. 2017;84(4):393-9.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2017.03.009

41. Bates D, Schultheis BC, Hanes MC, Jolly SM, Chakravarthy K V, Deer TR, et al. A Comprehensive Algorithm for Management of Neuropathic Pain. Pain Med. 2019;20(Suppl 1):S2-12.

DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnz075

42. van de Vusse AC, Stomp-van den Berg SGM, Kessels AHF, Weber WEJ. Randomised controlled trial of gabpentin in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type 1 [ISRCTN84121379]. BMC Neurol. 2004;4:13.

DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-4-13

43. Brown S, Johnston B, Amaria K, Watkins J, Campbell F, Pehora C, et al. A randomized controlled trial of amitriptyline versus gabapentin for complex regional pain syndrome type I and neuropathic pain in children. Scand J Pain. 2016;13:156-63.

DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2016.05.039

44. Javed S, Abdi S. Use of anticonvulsants and antidepressants for treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a literature review. Pain Manag. 2021;11(2):189-99.

DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2020-0060

45. Brush DE. Complications of long-term opioid therapy for management of chronic pain: the paradox of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. J Med Toxicol. 2012;8(4):387-92.

DOI: 10.1007/s13181-012-0260-0

46. Dunn KM, Saunders KW, Rutter CM, Banta-Green CJ, Merrill JO, Sullivan MD, et al. Opioid prescriptions for chronic pain and overdose: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(2):85-92.

DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00006

47. Iolascon G, Moretti A. Pharmacotherapeutic options for complex regional pain syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019;20(11):1377-86.

DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1612367

48. Ebert B, Andersen S, Krogsgaard-Larsen P. Ketobemidone, methadone and pethidine are non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists in the rat cortex and spinal cord. Neurosci Lett. 1995;187(3):165-8.

DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11364-3

49. Chopra P, Cooper MS. Treatment of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) using low dose naltrexone (LDN). J Neuroimmune Pharmacol.  2013;8(3):470-6.

50. Niesters M, Khalili-Mahani N, Martini C, Aarts L, van Gerven J, van Buchem MA, et al. Effect of subanesthetic ketamine on intrinsic functional brain connectivity: a placebo-controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging study in healthy male volunteers. Anesthesiology. 2012;117(4):868-77.

DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31826a0db3

51. Himmelseher S, Durieux ME. Ketamine for perioperative pain management. Anesthesiology. 2005;102(1):211-20.

DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200501000-00030

52. Sigtermans MJ, van Hilten JJ, Bauer MCR, Arbous MS, Marinus J, Sarton EY, et al. Ketamine produces effective and long-term pain relief in patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1. Pain. 2009;145(3):304-11.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.06.023

53. Maher DP, Chen L, Mao J. Intravenous Ketamine Infusions for Neuropathic Pain Management: A Promising Therapy in Need of Optimization. Anesth Analg. 2017;124(2):661-74.

DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001787

54. Fillingim RB. Individual differences in pain responses. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2005;7(5):342-7.

DOI: 10.1007/s11926-005-0018-7

55. Fillingim RB. Individual differences in pain: understanding the mosaic that makes pain personal. Pain. 2017;158(Suppl 1):S11-8.

DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000775

56. Woolf CJ, Salter MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain. Science. 2000;288(5472):1765-9.

DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5472.1765

57. Vachon-Presseau E, Centeno MV, Ren W, Berger SE, Tétreault P, Ghantous M, et al. The Emotional Brain as a Predictor and Amplifier of Chronic Pain. J Dent Res. 2016;95(6):605-12.

DOI: 10.1177/0022034516638027

58. Beerthuizen A, Stronks DL, Huygen FJPM, Passchier J, Klein J, Spijker AV. The association between psychological factors and the development of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) - a prospective multicenter study. Europ J Pain. 2011;15(9):971-5.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.02.008

59. Dilek B, Yemez B, Kizil R, Kartal E, Gulbahar S, Sari O, et al. Anxious personality is a risk factor for developing complex regional pain syndrome type I. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(4):915-20.

DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1714-9

60. Bean DJ, Johnson MH, Heiss-Dunlop W, Lee AC, Kydd RR. Do psychological factors influence recovery from complex regional pain syndrome type 1? A prospective study. Pain. 2015;156(11): 2310-8.

DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000282

61. de Jong JR, Vlaeyen JWS, Onghena P, Cuypers C, den Hollander M, Ruijgrok J. Reduction of pain-related fear in complex regional pain syndrome type I: the application of graded exposure in vivo. Pain. 2005;116(3):264-75.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.04.019

62. van Eijs F, Stanton-Hicks M, Van Zundert J, Faber CG, Lubenow TR, Mekhail N, et al. Evidence-based interventional pain medicine according to clinical diagnoses. 16. Complex regional pain syndrome. Pain Pract. 2011;11(1):70-87.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1533-2500.2010.00388.x

63. Wilkinson HA. Percutaneous radiofrequency upper thoracic sympathectomy. Neurosurgery. 1996;38(4):715-25.

DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199604000-00017

64. Cepeda MS, Lau J, Carr DB. Defining the therapeutic role of local anesthetic sympathetic blockade in complex regional pain syndrome: A narrative and systematic review. Clin J Pain. 2002;18(4):216-33.

DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200207000-00002

65. Van Eijs F, Geurts J, Van Kleef M, Faber CG, Perez RS, Kessels AGH, et al. Predictors of pain relieving response to sympathetic blockade in complex regional pain syndrome type 1. Anesthesiology. 2012;116(1):113-21.

DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31823da45f

66. O’Connell NE, Wand BM, Gibson W, Carr DB, Birklein F, Stanton TR. Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;7(7):CD004598.

DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004598.pub4

67. Nelson DV, Stacey BR. Interventional therapies in the management of complex regional pain syndrome. Clin J Pain. 2006;22(5):438-42.

DOI: 10.1097/01.ajp.0000192515.50955.9f

68. Irastorza RM, Bovaira M, García-Vitoria C, Muñoz V, Berjano E. Effect of the relative position of electrode and stellate ganglion during thermal radiofrequency ablation: a simulation study. Int H Hyperthermia.  2021;38(1):1502-11.

69. Cañada-Soriano M, Priego-Quesada JI, Bovaira M, García-Vitoria C, Salvador Palmer R, Cibrián Ortiz de Anda R, et al. Quantitative Analysis of Real-Time Infrared Thermography for the Assessment of Lumbar Sympathetic Blocks: A Preliminary Study. Sensors (Basel). 2021;21(11):3573.

DOI: 10.3390/s21113573

70. García-Vitoria C, Vizuete J, López Navarro AM, Bosch M. Costoclavicular Space: A Reliable Gate for Continuous Regional Anesthesia Catheter Insertion. Anesthesiology. 2017;127(4):712.

DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001724

71. Rauck RL, Eisenach JC, Jackson K, Young LD, Southern J. Epidural clonidine treatment for refractory reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Anesthesiology. 1993;79(6):1163-9; discussion 27A.

DOI: 10.1097/00000542-199312000-00005

72. Shealy CN, Mortimer JT, Reswick JB. Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report. Anesth Analg. 1967;46(4):489-91.

DOI: 10.1213/00000539-196707000-00025

73. Kapural L, Yu C, Doust MW, Gliner BE, Vallejo R, Sitzman BT, et al. Novel 10-kHz High-frequency Therapy (HF10 Therapy) Is Superior to Traditional Low-frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back and Leg Pain: The SENZA-RCT Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2015;123(4):851-60.

DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000774

74. Kapural L, Yu C, Doust MW, Gliner BE, Vallejo R, Sitzman BT, et al. Comparison of 10-kHz High-Frequency and Traditional Low-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Back and Leg Pain: 24-Month Results From a Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Pivotal Trial. Neurosurgery. 2016;79(5):667-77.

DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000001418

75. Deer T, Slavin K V, Amirdelfan K, North RB, Burton AW, Yearwood TL, et al. Success Using Neuromodulation With BURST (SUNBURST) Study: Results From a Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial Using a Novel Burst Waveform. Neuromodulation.  2018;21(1):56-66.

76. Russo M, Cousins MJ, Brooker C, Taylor N, Boesel T, Sullivan R, et al. Effective Relief of Pain and Associated Symptoms With Closed-Loop Spinal Cord Stimulation System: Preliminary Results of the Avalon Study. Neuromodulation. 2018;21(1):38-47.

DOI: 10.1111/ner.12684

77. Kumar K, Taylor RS, Jacques L, Eldabe S, Meglio M, Molet J, et al. Spinal cord stimulation versus conventional medical management for neuropathic pain: a multicentre randomised controlled trial in patients with failed back surgery syndrome. Pain. 2007;132(1-2):179-88.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.07.028

78. North RB, Kumar K, Wallace MS, Henderson JM, Shipley J, Hernandez J, et al. Spinal cord stimulation versus re-operation in patients with failed back surgery syndrome: an international multicenter randomized controlled trial (EVIDENCE study). Neuromodulation. 2011;14(4):330-6.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2011.00371.x

79. Kemler MA, Barendse GA, van Kleef M, de Vet HC, Rijks CP, Furnée CA, et al. Spinal cord stimulation in patients with chronic reflex sympathetic dystrophy. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(9):61-24.

DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200008313430904

80. Deer TR, Levy RM, Kramer J, Poree L, Amirdelfan K, Grigsby E, et al. Dorsal root ganglion stimulation yielded higher treatment success rate for complex regional pain syndrome and causalgia at 3 and 12 months: A randomized comparative trial. Pain. 2017;158(4):669-81.

DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000814

81. Taylor RS, Van Buyten JP, Buchser E. Spinal cord stimulation for complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of the clinical and cost-effectiveness literature and assessment of prognostic factors. Eur J Pain. 2006;10(2):91-101.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.02.004

82. Kemler MA, de Vet HCW, Barendse GAM, van den Wildenberg FAJM, van Kleef M. Effect of spinal cord stimulation for chronic complex regional pain syndrome Type I: five-year final follow-up of patients in a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(2):292-8.

DOI: 10.3171/JNS/2008/108/2/0292

83. Visnjevac O, Costandi S, Patel BA, Azer G, Agarwal P, Bolash R, et al. A Comprehensive Outcome-Specific Review of the Use of Spinal Cord Stimulation for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Pain Pract. 2017;17(4):533-45.

DOI: 10.1111/papr.12513

84. Canós-Verdecho A, Abejón D, Robledo R, Izquierdo R, Bermejo A, Gallach E, et al. Randomized Prospective Study in Patients With Complex Regional Pain Syndrome of the Upper Limb With High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation (10-kHz) and Low-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2021;24(3):448-58.

DOI: 10.1111/ner.13358

85. van Bussel CM, Stronks DL, Huygen FJPM. Dorsal Column Stimulation vs. Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Confined to the Knee: Patients’ Preference Following the Trial Period. Pain Pract. 2018;18(1):87-93.

DOI: 10.1111/papr.12573

86. Chapman KB, Mogilner AY, Yang AH, Yadav A, Patel K V, Lubenow T, et al. Lead migration and fracture rate in dorsal root ganglion stimulation using anchoring and non-anchoring techniques: A multicenter pooled data analysis. Pain Pract. 2021;21(8):859-70.

DOI: 10.1111/papr.13052

87. Kriek N, Groeneweg JG, Stronks DL, de Ridder D, Huygen FJPM. Preferred frequencies and waveforms for spinal cord stimulation in patients with complex regional pain syndrome: A multicentre, double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled crossover trial. Eur J Pain. 2017;21(3):507-19.

DOI: 10.1002/ejp.944

88. McRoberts WP, Apostol C, Haleem A. Intrathecal bupivacaine monotherapy with a retrograde catheter for the management of complex regional pain syndrome of the lower extremity. Pain Physician. 2016;19(7):E1087-92.

DOI: 10.36076/ppj/2016.19.E1087

89. Rijn MA van, Munts AG, Marinus J, Voormolen JHC, de Boer KS, Teepe-Twiss IM, et al. Intrathecal baclofen for dystonia of complex regional pain syndrome. Pain. 2009;143(1-2):41-7.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.01.014

90. van Hilten BJ, van de Beek WJT, Hoff JI, Voormolen JHC, Delhaas EM. Intrathecal Baclofen for the Treatment of Dystonia in Patients with Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(9):625-30.

DOI: 10.1056/NEJM200008313430905

91. Goto S, Taira T, Horisawa S, Yokote A, Sasaki T, Okada Y. Spinal cord stimulation and intrathecal baclofen therapy: Combined neuromodulation for treatment of advanced complex regional pain syndrome. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2013;91(6):386-91.

DOI: 10.1159/000350022

92. Birklein F, Drummond PD, Li W, Schlereth T, Albrecht N, Finch PM, et al. Activation of cutaneous immune responses in complex regional pain syndrome. J Pain. 2014;15(5):485-95.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.01.490

93. Bharwani KD, Dirckx M, Stronks DL, Dik WA, Schreurs MWJ, Huygen FJPM. Elevated Plasma Levels of sIL-2R in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Pathogenic Role for T-Lymphocytes? Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:2764261.

94. Blaes F, Dharmalingam B, Tschernatsch M, Feustel A, Fritz T, Kohr D, et al. Improvement of complex regional pain syndrome after plasmapheresis. Eur J Pain. 2015;19(4):503-7.

DOI: 10.1002/ejp.572

95. Goebel A, Jones S, Oomman S, Callaghan T, Sprotte G. Treatment of long-standing complex regional pain syndrome with therapeutic plasma exchange: a preliminary case series of patients treated in 2008-2014. Pain Med. 2014;15(12):2163-4.

DOI: 10.1111/pme.12601

96. Dielissen PW, Claassen AT, Veldman PH, Goris RJ. Amputation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77(2):270-3.

DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.77B2.7706345

97. Geertzen JHB, Scheper J, Schrier E, Dijkstra PU. Outcomes of amputation due to long-standing therapy-resistant complex regional pain syndrome type I. J Rehab Med. 2020;52(8):jrm00087.

DOI: 10.2340/16501977-2718

98. Midbari A, Suzan E, Eisenberg E, Adler T, Vulfsons S, Melamed E, et al. Amputation in patients with complex regional pain syndrome: A comparative study between amputees and nonamputees with intractable disease. Bone Joint J. 2016;98-B(4):548-54.

DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.98B4.36422

99. Ayyaswamy B, Saeed B, Anand A, Chan L, Shetty V. Quality of life after amputation in patients with advanced complex regional pain syndrome: A systematic review. EFORT Open Rev. 2019;4(9):533-40.

DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.4.190008

100. Bodde MI, Schrier E, Krans HK, Geertzen JH, Dijkstra PU. Resilience in patients with amputation because of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome type I. Disabil Rehab. 2014;36(10):838-43.

DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2013.822023

101. Dimova V, Herrnberger MS, Escolano-Lozano F, Rittner HL, Vlckova E, Sommer C, et al. Clinical phenotypes and classification algorithm for complex regional pain syndrome. Neurology. 2020;94(4):e357-e367.

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008736

Tablas y Figuras

Figura 1

Tabla I

Instrucciones para citar

Bovaira M, García C, Calvo A, Desé J, Tortosa G, Bayarri V, et all. Actualizaciones en el abordaje terapéutico en el síndrome de dolor regional complejo. Rev Soc Esp Dolor 2022; 29(1): 34-50 / DOI: 1020986/resed20223978/2022

Descargar a un gestores de citas

Descargue la cita de este artículo haciendo clic en uno de los siguientes gestores de citas:

Métrica

Este artículo ha sido visitado 14251 veces.
Este artículo ha sido descargado 644 veces.

Estadísticas de Dimensions

Estadísticas de Plum Analytics

Ficha Técnica

Recibido: 04/03/2022

Aceptado: 28/05/2022

Prepublicado: 09/06/2022

Publicado: 05/08/2022

Tiempo de revisión del artículo: 45 días

Tiempo de prepublicación: 97 días

Tiempo de edición del artículo: 154 días

Este artículo aun no tiene valoraciones.

Valoración del lector:

Valora este artículo:

Enviar por e-mail

Gestión de Cookies	Nombre	Tipo de Cookie	Función
Google	NID, PREF	Persistente	Personalizar los anuncios que se muestran en los servicios de Google.
Google Analytics	__utma, __utmb, __utmc, __utmz	Persistente	Conocer de forma anónima, nº de visitantes, procedencia, páginas visitadas, etc.