Psychosocial factors in chronic cancer pain: a Delphi study

Abstract

Background and objectives: Chronic cancer pain is a complex experience that results from the interaction of multiple factors. Identifying which factors play an important role in shaping this experience would reduce its effects. The main objective of this study was to identify which factors are related to the chronifi cation of cancer pain, in the opinion of a group of experts. And secondarily, to explore which factors might act as protectors. Material and methods: A multidisciplinary group of experts in oncology from various fi elds was invited. The Delphi methodology was used as a way to reach consensus among the participating experts. Results: Two rounds were enough to reach consensus. A total of 22 experts participated in both rounds. The main risk factors were the oncological process, a poorly controlled pain, and psychological factors, particularly pain catastrophic thinking. Among the main protective factors there were: social support, early pain treatment, optimism, and adherence to treatment. Conclusions: This study contributes to identifying the main factors that can contribute to the chronifi cation of cancer pain, and also provides information on potential protectors. If confi rmed by future research, these results can help develop specific diagnostic tools to help identify people at risk, as well as create preventive programs.